12. Related Documents

Standards and Protocols

• World Resources Institute and WBCSD, The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition, 2004.
• World Resources Institute, GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance: An Amendment to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard, 2015.
• World Resources Institute and WBCSD, Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2011.
• World Resources Institute and WBCSD, Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2011.
• International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14064-1:2018.
• International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14064-3:2019.

Regulatory Sources

• European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive (EU) 2022/2464 as regards corporate sustainability reporting (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), 2022.
• HM Government (UK), Environmental Reporting Guidelines: Including Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting Guidance, 2019.
• Securities and Exchange Commission (US), The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors, 2024.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency, Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidance: Indirect Emissions from Purchased Electricity, 2016.

Lifecycle Assessment and Embodied Emissions

• Boavizta, Manifesto & Vision, accessed 2024.
• Boavizta, BoaviztAPI: component impact factors (factors.yml), crowdsourced DRAM and NAND density tables and GPU component model, accessed September 2026.
• Gröger, J. et al., Green Cloud Computing: Lebenszyklusbasierte Datenerhebung zu Umweltwirkungen des Cloudcomputing, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), TEXTE 94/2021, 2021.
• Gupta, U. et al., ACT: Designing Sustainable Computer Systems with an Architectural Carbon Modeling Tool, ISCA 2022, DOI 10.1145/3470496.3527408, 2022.
• Dell Technologies, Life Cycle Assessment of Dell PowerEdge R740, thinkstep, 2019, accessed via the Wayback Machine, September 2026.
• Dell Technologies, Life Cycle Assessment of Dell PowerEdge R6515, R7515, R6525 and R7525, Sphera, accessed via the Wayback Machine, September 2026.
• NVIDIA, NVIDIA HGX H100 Product Carbon Footprint Summary, ISO 14067 reviewed, accessed September 2026.
• NVIDIA, NVIDIA HGX B200 Product Carbon Footprint Summary, accessed September 2026.
• Falk, J. et al., More than Carbon: Cradle-to-Grave Environmental Impacts of GenAI Training on the NVIDIA A100 GPU, arXiv:2509.00093, 2025.
• Weppe, O. et al., Embodied Carbon Footprint of 3D NAND Memories, ACM Computing Frontiers, DOI 10.1145/3706594.3727962, 2025.
• TechInsights, Micron 176L 3D NAND analysis, Comparison of the latest 3D NAND products from YMTC, Samsung, SK hynix and Micron (January 2023), YMTC 232L 3D NAND teardown (2022) and Industry-leading DDR5 technology, accessed September 2026.
• TechPowerUp, CPU Database and GPU Database, accessed September 2026.
• Seagate, Exos X18 Product Sustainability Report and Nytro 1551 Product Sustainability Report, UL verified, accessed September 2026.
• Seagate, Understanding Life Cycle Assessment and Embodied Carbon, accessed May 2025.
• Cisco, N9324C-SE1U Smart Switch Life Cycle Assessment, WSP, ISO 14040 aligned, 2025.
• French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), Base Carbone, 2024.

Data Centre Efficiency and Energy

• Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2024.
• Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation, SPECpower_ssj2008, 2008.

Cloud Provider Sources

• Amazon Web Services, AWS Cloud Sustainability, accessed March 2025.
• Amazon Web Services, AWS Documentation, accessed May 2026.
• Amazon Web Services, AWS Pricing Pages, accessed May 2026.
• Amazon Web Services, AWS On Air, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
• Amazon Web Services, AWS re:Invent, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.
• Google Cloud, Datacentre Efficiency, accessed March 2025.
• Google Cloud, Google Environmental Report, accessed May 2025.
• Google Cloud, Google Cloud Documentation, accessed May 2026.
• Google Cloud, Google Cloud Pricing, accessed May 2026.
• Google Cloud, Google Cloud Tech, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
• Google Cloud, Google Cloud Next, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.
• Microsoft Azure, How Microsoft Measures Datacenter Water and Energy Use to Improve Azure Cloud Sustainability, accessed March 2025.
• Microsoft Azure, Measuring Energy and Water Efficiency for Microsoft Datacenters, accessed March 2025.
• Microsoft Azure, Azure Documentation, accessed May 2026.
• Microsoft Azure, Azure Pricing, accessed May 2026.
• Microsoft Azure, Microsoft Azure, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
• Microsoft Azure, Microsoft Ignite and Microsoft Build, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.

Water

• Li, Pengfei et al., Making AI Less "Thirsty": Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, 2023.
• World Resources Institute, Guidance for Calculating Water Use Embedded in Purchased Electricity, 2020.

Other Sources

• Thunder Said Energy, Energy Intensity of Fiber Optic Cables?, accessed March 2025.
• Intel, Ethernet Network Adapter E810-CQDA1/CQDA2 Product Brief, accessed March 2025.