Cloud
12. Related Documents
Standards, research, and sources referenced by the methodology.
Standards and Protocols
- World Resources Institute and WBCSD, The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition, 2004.
- World Resources Institute, GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance: An Amendment to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard, 2015.
- World Resources Institute and WBCSD, Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2011.
- World Resources Institute and WBCSD, Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2011.
- International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14064-1:2018.
- International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14064-3:2019.
Regulatory Sources
- European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive (EU) 2022/2464 as regards corporate sustainability reporting (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), 2022.
- HM Government (UK), Environmental Reporting Guidelines: Including Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting Guidance, 2019.
- Securities and Exchange Commission (US), The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors, 2024.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidance: Indirect Emissions from Purchased Electricity, 2016.
Lifecycle Assessment and Embodied Emissions
- Boavizta, Manifesto & Vision, accessed 2024.
- Gröger, J. et al., Green Cloud Computing: Lebenszyklusbasierte Datenerhebung zu Umweltwirkungen des Cloudcomputing, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), TEXTE 94/2021, 2021.
- Morand, C. et al., MLCA: A Tool for Machine Learning Life Cycle Assessment, 2024.
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), Base Carbone, 2024.
- Seagate, Understanding Life Cycle Assessment and Embodied Carbon, accessed May 2025.
Data Centre Efficiency and Energy
- Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2024.
- Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation, SPECpower_ssj2008, 2008.
Cloud Provider Sources
- Amazon Web Services, AWS Cloud Sustainability, accessed March 2025.
- Amazon Web Services, AWS Documentation, accessed May 2026.
- Amazon Web Services, AWS Pricing Pages, accessed May 2026.
- Amazon Web Services, AWS On Air, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
- Amazon Web Services, AWS re:Invent, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.
- Google Cloud, Datacentre Efficiency, accessed March 2025.
- Google Cloud, Google Environmental Report, accessed May 2025.
- Google Cloud, Google Cloud Documentation, accessed May 2026.
- Google Cloud, Google Cloud Pricing, accessed May 2026.
- Google Cloud, Google Cloud Tech, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
- Google Cloud, Google Cloud Next, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.
- Microsoft Azure, How Microsoft Measures Datacenter Water and Energy Use to Improve Azure Cloud Sustainability, accessed March 2025.
- Microsoft Azure, Measuring Energy and Water Efficiency for Microsoft Datacenters, accessed March 2025.
- Microsoft Azure, Azure Documentation, accessed May 2026.
- Microsoft Azure, Azure Pricing, accessed May 2026.
- Microsoft Azure, Microsoft Azure, YouTube channel, accessed May 2026.
- Microsoft Azure, Microsoft Ignite and Microsoft Build, conference presentations, accessed May 2026.
Water
- Li, Pengfei et al., Making AI Less "Thirsty": Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, 2023.
- World Resources Institute, Guidance for Calculating Water Use Embedded in Purchased Electricity, 2020.
Other Sources
- Thunder Said Energy, Energy Intensity of Fiber Optic Cables?, accessed March 2025.
- Intel, Ethernet Network Adapter E810-CQDA1/CQDA2 Product Brief, accessed March 2025.